Indonesian security forces have unlawfully killed at least 95 people in little more than eight years in the restive eastern provinces of Papua and West Papua, with the overwhelming majority of perpetrators never being held to account for these crimes, Amnesty International reveals in a new report today. All but 10 of the victims were of Papuan ethnicity.
The report, describes how police and soldiers have shot dead peaceful independence activists and protesters, as well as dozens of other Papuans in non-political contexts, including a mentally disabled young man. Despite President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo promising to prioritise human rights in Papua, killings have shown no sign of letting up since he took office in 2014.
“Papua is one of Indonesia’s black holes for human rights. This is a region where security forces have for years been allowed to kill women, men and children, with no prospects of being held to account."
Usman Hamid, Amnesty International Indonesia’s Executive Director
“Papua is one of Indonesia’s black holes for human rights. This is a region where security forces have for years been allowed to kill women, men and children, with no prospects of being held to account,” said Usman Hamid, Amnesty International Indonesia’s Executive Director.
“Our research reveals that almost 100 people have been unlawfully killed in little more than eight years – that is about one person every month. This is a serious blot on Indonesia’s human rights record. Now is the time to change course – unlawful killings in Papua must end. This culture of impunity within the security forces must change, and those responsible for past deaths held to account.”
The report documents at least 95 deaths in 69 incidents between January 2010 and February 2018, 56 of which took place in the context of non-independence activities, while 39 others were related to peaceful political activities such as demonstrations or raising the Papuan independence flag, the Morning Star.
Despite the alarmingly high death toll, Indonesian authorities have almost completely failed to hold perpetrators to account. None of them have been tried and convicted in an independent court of law, with only a handful of cases resulting in disciplinary sanctions or trials in military tribunals.
“The pattern of police and soldiers applying the same ruthless and deadly tactics they have used against armed groups to peaceful political activists is deeply worrying."
Usman Hamid
“The pattern of police and soldiers applying the same ruthless and deadly tactics they have used against armed groups to peaceful political activists is deeply worrying. All unlawful killings violate the right to life, a human right protected by international law and Indonesia’s Constitution,” Usman Hamid said.
“There is a direct link between impunity and continued human rights violations. Each failure to investigate or bring those responsible to account reinforces the confidence of perpetrators that they are above the law, and fuels feelings of resentment and injustice in Papua.”
Accountability for unlawful killings in Papua
Family members of victims told Amnesty International that they still want to see the perpetrators of their loved ones’ deaths brought to justice.
In the 69 incidents documented in the report, not one has been subject to a criminal investigation by an institution independent of the one whose members were suspected of committing the killing.
In 25 cases, there was no investigation at all, not even an internal one. Meanwhile, in 26 cases the police or military claimed to have conducted internal investigations but did not make the results public.
“A failure by the state to ensure prompt, independent and efficient investigations into unlawful killings constitutes a separate human rights violation. Investigations along these lines are indispensable to ensuring justice and preventing the unlawful resort to lethal force in the future, and thus constitute an essential element of the State’s positive obligation to prevent the arbitrary deprivation of life,” Usman Hamid said.
Unlawful killings unrelated to pro-independence activities
The majority of unlawful killings documented in Amnesty International's report occurred in the context of non-political events, unrelated to calls for independence or a referendum for freedom in Papua. These types of unlawful killings happen when the security forces deal with peaceful social protests and public disorder, when they attempt to arrest criminal suspects, or as a form of individual misconduct by security personnel.
Killings during the policing of non-political assembly and public disorder include the killing of Petrus Ayamiseba and Leo Wandagau, two protesting workers employed at the gold and copper mining company Freeport in Timika on 10 October 2011, and the shooting, without any warning, into a crowd by Police Mobile Brigade (Brimob) in Deiyai District, Papua Province that killed Yulianus Pigai on 1 August 2017.
The report describes incidents of unlawful killings as a result of misconduct by security forces that took the lives of 25 people. These include soldiers’ attacks on villages in Honelama, Wamena on 6 June 2012, and the killing of Irwan Wenda, a mentally disabled Papuan man, killed by a police officer after he hit the officer using a piece of sugarcane.
Unlawful killings related to political activities
Security forces have also unlawfully killed Papuans over political activities, including the issue of independence or a referendum for Papua. This type of unlawful killing has taken place when security forces deal with peaceful political protests, particularly flag-raising ceremonies or religious gatherings on commemoration dates.
The military and the police fired shots to break up the roughly 1,000 delegates at the Third Papuan People’s Congress, a peaceful pro-independence event, killing three civilians, on 19 October 2011.
In another incident, the police and military launched a joint operation in Aimas, Sorong on 30 April 2013 to break up peaceful evening prayers held by Isak Kalaibin, a member of a pro-independence group, during which they suspected the banned Morning Star flag would be raised. After attendees at the prayers blocked and banged on the car of the Deputy Chief of the District Police with fists and sticks, security forces opened fire into the crowd and at houses in the area, killing three people and wounding five.
Meanwhile, in Wanampompi village, Yapen Islands on 1 December 2015, the police and military personnel opened fire into a crowd at a peaceful flag-raising ceremony, killing four people.
“The three cases illustrate the failure of Indonesian security forces to distinguish between armed people endangering lives and peaceful activists, and between peaceful expression of opinion and assembly and acts of physical violence. The police and military must change their approach in dealing with peaceful political activities,” said Usman Hamid.
Amnesty International’s recommendations
Amnesty International is calling on the Indonesian authorities to ensure that all unlawful killings alleged to have been committed by Indonesian security forces are investigated promptly, independently, impartially and effectively. The investigation and any prosecutions should not be limited to direct perpetrators, but also look into any involvement of commanders, irrespective of rank.
Authorities in Indonesia must take the initiative to stop unlawful killings in Papua including by issuing and enforcing human rights compliant instructions to the military and police on the use of force, and ensuring justice and reparations for the victims and their family.
It is also crucially important to review police, military or other law enforcement officials’ tactics and the use of force and firearms during arrest, to ensure they meet international standards